First Session Solution Focused Brief Therapy - 1616 Words

Lloyd, H. and Dallos, R. (2008), First session solution-focused brief therapy with families who have a child with severe intellectual disabilities: Mothers experiences and views. Journal of Family Therapy, 30: 5–28. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2008.00413.x The purpose of this article was to explore the experiences of first sessions of families who have children with intellectual disabilities using solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT). The participants consisted of mothers who were interviewed two weeks after the initial session. The SFBT session was a stand alone session that was designed to assess the usefulness of the initial session. The mothers were asked to complete the Helpful Aspects of Therapy Questionnaire after the end of the session. Participants listened to excerpts from their therapeutic sessions that they identified as helpful or unhelpful while completing the questionnaire. The families that participated had used psychological services before hand in the form of special education, social, and health services. Through the interventions there were three major themes that were identified; SFBT introduced ‘making the best of it’, exploration of wishful thinking, and the efficacy of the therapeutic relationship. What the authors mean by ‘making the best it’ is the idea that there is no point in dwelling on the disability and to keep moving forward. Mothers expressed that they had no choice about their role of â€Å"carer† which lead to a sensation ofShow MoreRelatedSolution Focused Therapy And Experiential Therapy1937 Words   |  8 Pages This term paper is about solution-focused therapy and experiential therapy. In solution-focused therapy, the therapy does not emphasize the problem at all; it stresses and highlights the solution. The client is the expert and not the therapist. The experiential approach is often used to facilitate meaningful changes in individuals. SFBT is a short-term goal focused therapeutic approach which directs clients to focus on developing solutions, rather than on dwelling on problems. The theoretical frameworkRead MoreA Research Study On The American Psychological Association3120 Words   |  13 Pagescouples seek therapy; wives generally reported communication first, while husbands reported emotional affection. Chapter I describes the current landscape of marriage and divorce in the United States and the most common reasons couples seek out therapy. Chapter II reviews the available literature on the use of Solutions-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) in work with couples. This chapter looks at both the effectiveness of SFBT with couples therapy and adaptations to couples group therapy. Cautions areRead MorePersonal Approach On Family Therapy3624 Words   |  15 PagesFamily Therapy Solution Focused Brief Therapy Martin Kariuki Eastern Nazarene College June 30th 2015 Personal Approach to Family Therapy Solution Focused Brief Therapy Postmodernists view of Solution focused Brief therapy (SFBT) is a counseling approach focusing on solutions instead of problems. There are no fixed truths or realities, and whatever the client presents is the reality. Therefore the client, not the therapist, is the expert. SFBT is a goal directed approach to brief therapy thatRead MoreCompare and contrast Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Solution Focused Brief Therapy3258 Words   |  14 Pagesand Commitment Therapy and Solution Focused Brief Therapy. The initial component of the essay outlines the therapeutic orientations of both approaches; then, the different approaches are related to a case study of a young lady called Linda who is seeking counseling due to feelings of hopelessness. The essay is then finished with some of the author’s personal opinions on the two therapeutic approaches. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy While Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) has been inRead More Solution Focused Therapy Essay example2295 Words   |  10 PagesSolution Focused Therapy   Solution focused therapy is a model of therapy developed by  Steve de Shazer  and  Insoo Kim Berg  in the late 1970s (Dolan, n.d.). This model has become well known for its non-traditional approach to client problems as it does not explore clients issues in relation to their cause and affect but rather the goals and solutions to achieving a future free of any present issues. i will be discussing the evident concepts, principles and intervention techniques of this particularRead MoreStrength Based Approaches With Children, Young People And Families1834 Words   |  8 PagesStrength Based Approaches with children, young people and families. Elzia Kabengele Student ID: B1042280 Word Count: 1650 This paper reflects on knowledge gained through direct observation during the first part of the Strength Based Approaches Module. The ability to reflect is widely agreed to improve performance, manifested through analysing on strengths and the development of competence (Gibbs, 1988). Throughout this log, there will be a demonstration of how this approach has enabled me to workRead More Brief Therapy Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesBrief therapy helps people by focusing on solutions, instead of problems. The therapist asks questions thereby facilitates the client by helping formulates solutions. The client leads the meeting by actively formulating ideas in which he/she can serve to improve the clients negative circumstances. This is contrary to cognitive therapy, which focuses on a clients cognitive processes (how he or she thinks about people/places/things). The therapist collaborates with the client to help the clientRead MoreThe Emergence Of Solution Focused Brief Therapy2413 Word s   |  10 Pages Introduction The emergence of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) marked a changing of the guard within the realm of psychotherapy. For the previous century, the profession had been dominated by theories and practices, which was focused on unearthing a client’s repressed memories or family issues in hopes of identifying cracks in their mental and/or their emotional foundation that needed to be fixed. The change in perspective and approach presented by Steven de Shazer and his counterparts providedRead MoreTheory Of Group Counseling Paper1438 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunity to learn, first-hand, how a group develops. Each group, dependent upon their allotted time, style, and cohesion, journeys through the four levels of group development. Having prior knowledge of the group process allowed me more insight in facilitating our group. More specifically, I witnessed our group flow through these various stages, spending a majority of the time between the transition and working stages. Bein g able to combine the textbook knowledge with our first-hand experience onlyRead MoreSolution Focused Therapy ( Sft )1614 Words   |  7 Pagesthose clients. Solution-focused therapy (SFT) is one of those approaches. Examined are the treatment approach of SFT, the theory associated, evidence to support the treatment, the effectiveness with youth and culturally diverse clients, and the limitation of the approach. SFT treatment approach can be used with an individual and or families. The treatment emphasizes the strengths and sources of resiliency that a client or family has to promote positive change (Hook, 2014). The therapy enables the

Project Management For Project Managment - 2025 Words

As the world is chaotic (Djavanshir and Khorramshahgol, 2006) it is impossible to always predict the future accurately. Teller at al (2012) describes project management as balancing the â€Å"iron triangle†, where changes to any one of the planned costs, quality or scope will change the other elements. Risk management allows contingency to be put into project plans, (APM, 2012) minimising negative effects and maximising the benefits of uncertainty. This, in theory, is how project risk management aids in ensuring successful project delivery. The Association for Project Managment (APM) defines a project risk management in the following statement: â€Å"All projects, programmes and portfolios are inherently risky because they are unique, constrained,†¦show more content†¦Improvements are often possible, even when a project is to cost, quality and scope. (Shahu et al, 2012) This would be hard to prove, as repeated experimentation is rare due to the difficulty in creating exactly the same environment more than once. So a large-scale study would be needed. Until such a study has taken place, it is safe to assume that if project risk management brings benefits to projects, it would bring extra benefits to successful projects. (Shahu et al, 2012) This would be by being able to exploit and mitigate risks, issues and opportunities early, as well as increasing the accuracy of predictions which assist decision making. Even in these chaotic business environments, portfolios can still be managed effectively. In aggregate, having more projects and risks make a business’s forecasts more likely to include the actual project costs, (Djavanshir and Khorramshahgol, 2006) although the range of possibilities given will be wider. Statistically, when more projects are in a business’s portfolio, this means that the projects balance each other out, making the investments safer, as it is highly unlikely for them all to fail. (Djavanshir and Khorramshahgol, 2006) This can also be seen at a more detailed level in project risk management during Monte Carlo analysis (MCA). A riskShow MoreRelatedEssay on Project Management and Human Resource Managment1445 Words   |  6 PagesProject Management A project may be defined as a one-shot, time-limited, goal-directed, major undertaking, requiring the commitment of varied skills and resources. A project has also been described as a combination of human and nonhuman resources pulled together in a temporary organization to achieve a specified purpose. A project has a single set of objectives, and when these objectives are reached, the project is completed. Therefore, a project has a finite and well-defined life span. 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As a result of this, the companys IT background and its companys culture of innovation helped to launch the ERP system in an expedient manner. Since projects by definition, have unique circumstances then they are beset by risk intrinsically (Benta).The internal IT experience that Cisco had inRead MoreBear s Construction Company : Case Analysis852 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsibility for the inspections compliance and requirements put forward by the local township; Bear’s Construction Company is contractually obligated to ensure compliance. The Contract supersedes any memorandums that were signed pre-award. John was a Project Manager who was not authorized to make any changes to the Contract document. After review of the standing contract it was clearly discovered that Bear is responsible for all inspections. 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Hockey Observation Report Free Essays

string(31) " had hit London boys one shot\." Yesterday was the first time bought a ticket to watch a live game of junior hockey. I sat behind the net of Pets for two periods and watched the game. That’s a great place to see if London boys are going to shoot the puck into the net or not, but also, it’s hard to look at the left way of the rink to follow the game. We will write a custom essay sample on Hockey Observation Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was a great time, and it is much better than watching on TV or internet. I can really fell the atmosphere at the stadium and enjoy the game. That was the game that people expected London Knights will get the ten-game winning streak, but London boys were lost before over 9,000 fans at Budweiser Gardens. Subculture Members Senior was the largest group of audiences in Budweiser Gardens. You probably could see them everywhere, and they also are one of biggest fans of London Knights. It’s easy to recognize them by their outlooks, drinks they had (mostly were beer for men), clothes (they dressed London Knight Jerseys with old design, not the new one). They have huge knowledge not only about Indo Knights hockey, but also about other subcultures of hockey: women hockey, NIL, Olympic hockey†¦ Junior and minor also are big parts of fans. They normally had a group of friends and watched the game together. They wore hoodoos or hockey jerseys with jeans and sneakers. You could hear them talk about the game and players that they adore not only London Knights but also other teams from NIL such as Toronto Maple Leaf, Detroit Red wings, Winnipeg Jets Young adults came to the game alone or with their friends. They drank beers, and their outlooks are different with: Jeans, shirts or T-shirts, caps†¦ Beside the topic about London hockey, they also talked about NIL, works, loves, lives†¦ Its not hard to define them with other groups. Families came to the game with their children. They talked to kids bout hockey, players, the rinks, the puck†¦ I believe that a passion Of a kid was developed by their parents, especially their fathers. Kids and then Will become a big fan of hockey and could be a good player too. Beliefs and Values At the last two minutes, after the coach of London decided not to put the goalie on the rink to protect the net after they got the first shot, but another player, Petrography got the chance to shoot the third score in the net of team London. A lot of audiences felt angry and disappointed; they screamed loud. They stood up and left their seats to go home because they believed hat London would lose because no more chances for London to get 3 shots into the net of Petrography to win the game, and finally, Knights’ boys were lost. When one player of Petrography had to get in the penalty box and London Knights had a good chance to score, all of audiences that Loon’s fans started standing up and chanting: â€Å"Go, Knights go! Go Knights go! † to cheers for the boys because fans believed that London could get one shot for that big chance. They were absolutely right; London boys slapped grateful shot into the net with all hard try. The scaffold was blow upped by those screams of London fans. Customs and Behaviors Before the game began, everyone stood up and Sang the song â€Å"O Canada†. Almost everybody just stood up and listened to children’s choir sing the song, but the man who stood behind me sang it out loud. I could feel that Hess so proud of Canada and also respect to it and all other people. A fan sat right behind the net of Pets punched on the protected glass when London boys missed their shots so many times. He punched and screamed loud: â€Å"Shoot that puck into the net† to show his anger on the boys and the way they played. At the corners of the rink, players of both Pets and London usually push heir rivals into the bar to make them cannot move and get hurt. Therefore, players could create chances to get the puck or help their team mates get the puck to score or protect their goal. Loon’s goalie normally went out a little too far from the goal and he stood more on the left of the net. That created chances for Pets boys to get two scores into Loon’s net. Lineup is a normal thing but it shows people’s behaviors. Audiences waited on the line to get into the arena and also to get out during the break time. People just usually line up to buy foods, tickets†¦ ND other things else, but inning up to go washroom and waiting for quite long time is really polite and culturally. It shows people’s good ethics and behaviors. It’s absolutely right to say that Canadians are very polite. A London boy broke his stick while he was trying to get the stick from a Pets boy. Then he dec ided not to care about the stick but moving follow Pets boy to hinder him pass the puck to his team mates. He also tried to get another stick from the other boys when he got a chance. My seat is not the best place to follow all over the rink because it’s hard to see what’s happening on the left corners at our seats. Teases why every time suck was passed to that place, people normally tried to leaned and moves their body up a bit, so they could watch the game easily; therefore they would not miss if London boys score. Clapping your hands to make applause for your home team is normal thing, but when it’s done for Loon’s competitor- Pets is a different story. A man that is London Knights’ fan, who sat beside my section made applause for Pets boys after they had hit London boys one shot. You read "Hockey Observation Report" in category "Observation essays" In my opinion, that was really great shot from the left side of the net, and it should be appreciated not only by Pets fans, but also other people that are not. Almost everyone stood up, clapped their hands, and screamed loud right after London boys got one shoot into Pets’ net. That’s the way people cheer up for their boys and show their excitations. They kept doing it for a while until the game started again. The referees normally did not move after they dropped the puck until boys get it or shot it far away from him. They do not want their movements affect to the puck; therefore, players could easily to follow and throw or pass it to their team mates. Social Relationships Few parents came to watch their sons play on the game. They came to enjoy he game and cheer not only for their boys, but also the others too. Taking pictures could not be forgotten because they want to capture the moments that their sons were skating, playing and enjoyed the game. Couple groups of minor players’ sibling socializing cam to watch the game of London Knights. They could enjoy watching their favorite sport, but also that could be an example for them to learn how to play, what can be happened, how they can solve problems†¦ They sat together, talked to each other, and commented about the game. A few couples of husband and wife came to watch the game as the way to relax on the weekend. They sat beside each other, shared foods and drinks†¦ During the second break, kiss cam moved around to catch people’s kisses and ask people to make kisses. It was wrong for few times when it mixed up two couples and made people laughing. A group of Pets fans came to Budweiser Gardens to support their boys. They sat together and talked about both London and Pets, how they play, about London†¦ They were very happy when Pets beat London boys with ratio 3-1. Some journalists also were there to watch the game and also record about it for London local newspapers. Hind that they watch it more carefully than there people because that they have to write a report later to provide the information about the game for people who did not came to. Institutions and Organizations When got into the gate, saw few groups of minor hockey organization was selling 50-50 tickets for their upcoming game next week. If you buy a ticket at Budweiser Gardens that was sold by minor hockey organiz ation, you just need to pay half of price (it was around 10 bucks), and a lot of people like junior, parents purchased couple tickets for themselves and their kids to enjoy the game while support for minor hockey organization. Aluminum Associates sold stuffs of London Knights team such as: hats, stickers, pucks, jerseys†¦ That are provided to Loon’s fans. They get involve with Budweiser Gardens to sell things while supporting for London boys and also bring revenue to run the team. Banshee College sold ticket of the game for Banshee students with price that under regular price to bring students to the game. They work with Budweiser to get tickets for students with cheaper price. You probably could see a lot of Banshee students with their tickets that was purchased at Biz Booth. Material Goods Since I got into the Budweiser Gardens, could see a lot of people wear Indo Knights’ jerseys: kids, men, and women, senior†¦ Not only that, they also dressed Knights’ hats and scarf. Everything made a wonderful picture of white, yellow and green. A lot of people ate pizza of Pizza Pizza while they were watching the game. During the brake time, the line of people waiting for pizza at Pizza Pizza store was as long as other stores’. Pepsi is favorite drink for kids during the game. They also grabbed few bags Of popcorn to get ready for the show. For adult men, they bought a cups or bottle of beer like Bud Light or Budweiser with French fried from Harvey’s or other brands. In the second breaking time, London Toyota Company showed audiences their two brand new cars for 2014. Everyone kept talking about it for a while until the game start the third period. After the breaks, two girls sat beside me came back with a bag of Lays’ chip and a Harvey’s’ burger. I saw some women and kids wore yellow and green cheer gloves, the main colors of London Knights. There was a kid sat in front of me with a small hockey stick with London Knights’ sticker on his hand since the game starts until the end. Language I probably have to say that the man sat beside me during the game is one of the craziest fans Of London Knights. He screamed out loud at the guy of Pets, who put a guy of London team on the rink: â€Å"Shut the f*** up Devils! † He looked very serious and tried to protect the player of the team he likes. â€Å"Go, Knights go! Go, Knights go! † was chanted to cheer up the spirits of players by audiences (kids and seniors almost) when they have good chance to attack and score. The sound kept going around and around with the applause, the sound of the bell from a woman, and the vaguely trumpet. It made both audiences and players feel exciting and happy. Some other young guys from the section beside me got mad when the game almost finished. When London players shot the puck out of the net of Petrography, they screamed: â€Å"That net must have a big hole! † Fans got really angry because London boys missed too many chance to get the puck into the net. When the game almost finished, referees decided to put both players Of Petrography and London into the penalty box because they got fight. The Petrography player yelled at referee: ‘What the h***? Why do I need to go there? ND continued fighting with the boy of London. Both of them finally were eliminated out of the rink. The two boys sat at the 2 lines in front of me attracted me while the discussed about the game and players: â€Å"He should shoot it immediately when he was close to the net, not waiting for others†¦ † They talked about it with a wonderful passion, and they are in live with the game. Il l. Conclusion Attending the game was the great time to relax for the weekend and finish my reading week, but got a bit disappointed because London boys were defeated 3-1 by Petrography Pets. Anyway, enjoyed the game, mingled tit the crowd, and were a part of the game like other London Knights fans. It was a good chance for parents to bring the hockey passion to their kids while showing their passions also. Junior hockey in London is great subculture for everyone who loves Hockey. It is not only the key to help junior players to become a professional hockey player, but also, it is the game for people to show their loves to hockey and Loon’s team. In addition, London is a door for kids to see that hockey is an important passion of their lives. You cannot have the felling how London fans get crazy until you are a part Of it. How to cite Hockey Observation Report, Essays

Geothermal Energy Essay Conclusion Example For Students

Geothermal Energy Essay Conclusion Geothermal EnergyMatt Arnold9/17/96Physics 009Professor ArnsThe human population is currently using up its fossil fuel supplies atstaggering rates. Before long we will be forced to turn somewhere else forenergy. There are many possibilities such as hydroelectric energy, nuclearenergy, wind energy, solar energy and geothermal energy to name a few. Each oneof these choices has its pros and cons. Hydroelectric power tends to upset theecosystems in rivers and lakes. It affects the fish and wild life population. Nuclear energy is a very controversial subject. Although it produces highquantities of power with relative efficiency, it is very hard to dispose of thewaste. While wind and solar power have no waste products, they require enormousamounts of land to produce any large amounts of energy. I believe thatgeothermal energy may be an alternative source of energy in the future. Thereare many things that we must take into consideration before geothermal energycan be a possibility for a human resource. I will be discussing some of theseissues, questions, and problems. In the beginning when the solar system was young, the earth was stillforming, things were very different. A great mass of elements swirled around adense core in the middle. As time went on the accumulation elements withsimilar physical properties into hot bodies caused a slow formation of acrystalline barrier around the denser core. Hot bodies consisting of iron wereattracted to the core with greater force because they were more dense. Thesehot bodies sunk into and became part of the constantly growing core. Less denseelements were pushed towards the surface and began to form the crust. The earlycrust or crystalline barrier consisted of ultra basic, basic, calc-alkaline, andgranite. The early crust was very thin because the core was extremely hot. Itis estimated that the mantel e 200 to 300 degrees Celsius warmer than it istoday. As the core cooled through volcanism the crust became thicker and cooler. The earth is made up of four basic layers, the inner solid core, the outerliquid core, the mantel and the lithosphere and crust. The density of thelayers gets greater the closer to the center of the earth that one gets. Theinner core is approximately 16% of the planets volume. It is made up of ironand nickel compounds. Nobody knows for sure but the outer core is thought toconsist of sulfur, iron, phosphorus, carbon and nitrogen, and silicon. Themantel is said to be made of metasilicate and perovskite. The continental crustconsists of igneous and sedimentary rocks. The oceanic crust consists of thesame with a substantial layer of sediments above the rock. The crust covers the outer ridged layer of the earth called thelithosphere. The lithosphere is divided into seven main continental plates. These continental plates are constantly moving on a viscous base. The viscosityof this base is a function of the temperature. The study of shiftingcontinental plates is called Plate Tectonics. Plate Tectonics allows scientiststo locate regions of geothermal heat emission. Shifting continental platescause weak spots or gaps between plates where geothermal heat is more likely toseep through the crust. These gaps are called Subduction Zones. Heat emissionfrom subduction zones can take many forms, such as volcanoes, geysers and hotsprings. When lateral plate movement induced gaps occur between plates,collisions occur between other plates. This results in partial platedestruction. This causes mass amounts of heat to be produced due to frictionalforces and the rise of magma from the mantle through propagating lithospherefractures and thermal plumes sometimes resulting in volcanism. During platemovement, continental plates are constantly being consumed and produced changingplate boundaries. When collisions between plates occur, the crust is pushed upsometimes forming ranges of mountains. This is the way that most Midoceanicranges were formed. Continental plates sometimes move at rates of severalcentimeters per year.Currently the Atlantic ocean is growing and the Pacificocean is shrinking due to continental plate movement. In Rome people first used geothermal resources to heat public bathhouses that were used for bathing or balneology.The mineral water was thoughtto be therapeutic. The minerals in the water have been used since the beginningof time. Through out the years geothermal heated water or steam has been usedin many different systems from heating houses and baths to being a source ofboric acids and salts. Today geothermal fluids provide energy for electricityproduction and mechanical work. Boric acid is still extracted and sold. Otherbyproducts of geothermal heated liquid are carbon dioxide, potassium salts, andsilica. The first 250 kilowatt geothermal power plant began operation in 1913 inItaly. By 1923 the United States had drilled its first geothermal wells inCalifornia. In 1925 Japan built a 1 kilowatt experimental power plant. Thefirst power plants constructed in Italy were destroyed in WWII, then rebuiltbigger and more efficient. Mexico built a 3.5 megawatt unit in 1959. In theUnited Stat es an 11 megawatt system at the geysers in California was constructedin 1960. Japan then installed a 22 megawatt plant in 1966. Geothermal energyhas been used for things other than energy production, such as geothermal space-heating systems, horticulture, aquaculture, animal husbandry, soil heating andthe first industrial operation of paper mills in New Zealand. Large scalegeothermal space-heating systems were constructed in Iceland in 1930. The word geothermal, refers to the thermal energy of the planetaryinterior and it is usually associated with the concept of systems in which thereis a large reservoir of heat to comprise energy sources.Geothermal systemsare classified and defined depending on their geological, hydrogelogical andheat transfer characteristics. Most geothermal heat is trapped or stored inrocks. A liquid or gas is usually required to transfer the heat from the rocks. Heat is transferred in three different ways, convection, conduction, andradiation. Conduction is the transfer of energy from one substance to another,through a body that may be solid. Convection is the transfer of energy from onesubstance to another through a working moving medium, such as water. The mediumusually transfers the energy in an upward direction. Radiation is the transferof energy out of a substance through the excitement of gas molecules surroundinga substance. Radiation is dependent upon two things the object emitting theheat and the surroundings ability to absorb heat.Convective geothermalsystems are characterized by the natural circulation of a working fluid or water. The heated water tends to rise and the cool to sink continually circulatingwater throughout the ground. The majority of the heat transfer is done throughconvection and conduction, radiation hardly ever effects heat flow. Whengeothermal heated water collects into a reservoir one form of a geothermalresource is created. One can approximate the amount of thermal energy presentin a geothermal resource by comparing the average heat content of the surfacerocks with the enthalpy of saturated steam.Enthalpy is energy in the form ofheat released during a specific reaction or the energy contained in a systemwith certain volume under certain pressure. It is generally accepted that belowa depth of ten meters, the temperature of the ground increases one degreeCelsius for every thirty or forty meters.At a depth of ten meters annualtemperature changes no longer affect the temperature or the earth. The most common geothermal resources used for the production of humanconsumed energy are hydrothermal. Hydrothermal systems are characterized byhigh permeability by liquids. There are two basic types of hydrothermal systems,vapor and liquid dominated systems. In a liquid based system, pumps must beplaced very deep in the well where only the liquid phase is present. By keepingthe liquid under pressure it is possible to keep the liquid at a much highertemperature than the liquids normal boiling point. If the liquid is not keptunder pressure, it will flash. Flashing is the process of vaporization. Itrequires 540 calories per gram of heat to vaporize water. The super heatedpressurized water is pumped up a long shaft into the plant. When it reaches theplant, controlled amounts of the pressurized water is allowed to flash orvaporize. The rapidly expanding gas pushes or turns the turbine. A power plantmay have numerous flash cycles and turbines. The more flash cycles the higherthe efficienc y of the power plant. Once the heated liquid has been used to thepoint where it has cooled to an unusable temperature it is reinjected into theground in hopes that it will replenish the geothermal well. Vapor systems workin much of the same way. The super heated gas flows through surface reboilersthat remove all of the non-condensable gases from the mixture of gases. The gasis pumped into pressurization tanks where extreme pressure causes the gas tocondense.The super heated liquid is then allowed to flash. The rapidlyexpanding gas turns the turbine. Specific examples and sites of electricalenergy production will be discussed later. Conductive geothermal systems consistof heat being transferred through rocks and eventually being transmitted to thesurface. The amount of heat transferred in a conductive geothermal isconsiderably less than the heat transferred in a convective system. Conductivegeothermal systems lack the water to efficiently transfer the heat, so watermust be artificial ly injected around the hot rocks.The heated water is thenpumped from the underground reservoir to the surface. This system is not aseffective as others because the temperature that the heated water reaches is notvery great. Geopressured geothermal systems are similar to hydrothermalsystems. The only difference is the pressure of the high temperature reservoir. Prostitution Through the Functionalism EssayThe earth around the Geysers geothermal site consists of highly permeablefractured shales and basalts created during Jurassic age. The ground abovethe wells consists of graywake sandstone. This form of sand stone is very hardto penetrated. Scientists believe that the large geothermal reservoir wascreated when an earthquake caused fault and shear zones. Steam temperatures inthe geothermal wells range from 260 to 290 . Pressures deep in the wells rangefrom 450psig to 480psig (3.1MPa to 3.3) . Some wells are 3000 meters deep andproduce almost 175 tonnes of steam per hour. It is thought that the center of the magma or the heat source at TheGeysers geothermal site lies under Mt. Hannah. Geologists are led to believethat there is a large mass of magma cooling under the geysers and power plantsthat is the source of all the heat.This assumption is proven when seismicwaves caused by earth quakes are slowed when they pass through the mountain. Afairly large fractured steam reservoir rests above the cooling molten. In 1967, the Union Oil Company in partnership with Magma PowerCorporation and Thermal Power Company began producing electricity from theGeysers Geothermal region and selling it to the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. The turbines in the power plant were designed to operate under intake pressuresof 80psig to 100psig.At first the plant operated at maximum efficiency but asthe years went by the geothermal resource was slowly depleted. The depletedheat source did not produce the constant pressure that was required for maximumefficiency so the efficiency decreased. There are two methods of drilling wells,mud drilling and air drilling. Mud drilling tends to clog up the porous rockbut it is easier on the drilling machinery.Air drilling leaves the porousrock free for water and steam flow but it is very hard on machinery due toabrasion and heating.Air drilling is therefore very expensive. Geothermalwells do not always maintain constant pressure. New wells must be drilled tocontinually maintain constant pressure on the turbine. The system built at TheGeysers geothermal field deliversof super heated steam. The steam producedby the wells is not pure water but consists of 1% non-condensable gases alongwith du st particles.If not cleaned off, the dust can accumulate on the insideof the turbine blade shrouds and cause turbine failure. This problem wasvirtually eliminated when heavy duty blades and shrouds replaced the faulty ones. It was thought that by the time the steam made it to the turbine very little ofit was still superheated, so special non-corrosive metal was not required in theconstruction of the upper level piping and the turbine. Normal carbon pipingwas used in the original construction. This proved not to be the case, after awhile the pipes began to corrode. As steam condenses non-condensable gasesbecome more of a problem. They become more concentrated, more corrosive and canform sulfuric acid.This new problem was solved by replacing the carbon steelused in the original construction with austenitic stainless steel. Electricalconnections and wires were also effected by concentrations of sulfuric acid. They were replaced with aluminum and stainless steel. The steam generated from the wells and geysers has a constant enthalpyof 1200-1500 Btu per lb.The use of condensing steam turbines that exhaustedwaste water below atmospheric pressure increased the efficiency of the plant. There were no rivers or streams in the immediate area that were sufficientlycool enough to be used as a cooling mechanism, so cooling towers wereconstructed. Incorporating the cooling towers into the system allowed the wastewater to be discharged at a cooler temperature f 18 therefore increasing thepossible efficiency of the system. Carnot Efficiency of The Geysers Power PlantCarnot Efficiency ==18=290Carnot Efficiency =Carnot Efficiency = .4831or48%This is a relatively efficient cycle. It certainly can compete withother modern day types of electricity production. Unfortunately carnotefficiencies can never be reached. A large amount of energy is lost in thecondensers and turbines. I feel that while the efficiency of this geothermalpower plant might not be overwhelmingly better than other modern day methods ofelectricity, the lack of pollution makes up for the loss in efficiency. Eventhough The Geysers power plant is relatively efficient, it does not even comeclose to taking advantage of all the emitted heat. Only 2% of the emitted heatfrom the source is used to heat water for electricity production.Thisgeothermal resource will not last for ever though. Heat Content of the EntireGeysers Geothermal Site-The Geysers geothermal site covers approximately . -Heat is onlyrecovered from the top 2km of the earth at The Geysers site. -The average temperature in this top 2km of earth is 240 . -The average air temp at The Geysers site is 15 . -The specific heat ofthe permeable rock that makes up most of geothermal region is . Volume xSpecific Heat x Change in Temperature = Heat ContentVol = x = SpHt== 240 18 = 222Q =( x )( )( )(222 )Q= Joules of Heat Content in the entire Geysers geothermal regionLife of The Geysers Heat Source -Power output of The Geysers plant =2000MW Fraction of the total heat used in the production of steam = 2%-Power taken from the geothermal resource = 2,000MW/2% = 100,000 MW -Heat content of the entire Geysers geothermal region =Joules -Seconds in one year = -1 Watt = 1 Joule/sec 100000MW = J/yearJ/ J/year = 24.67years. According to my calculations The Geysers geothermalresource will be depleted in 24.67 years at the current rate of usage. Ofcourse this is not taking into account the rate at which the resource is renewedfrom heat coming from deeper in the earth. I am assuming that the rate ofdepletion is so much greater than the rate of renewal tha t it is not significantin the calculation. The power plant at The Geysers site is run on dry superheated gases. The power plant now has 11 generators and has a rating of over 2000 MWe.Theprocess of electrical power generation used at The Geysers power plant isrelatively simple when compared to other modern day power plants. The steamthat evolves from the wells flows through pipes that lead to the turbine. Thepressure exerted by the superheated steam turns the turbine which produceselectricity. The steam then flows into the direct-contact condensers below theturbine. Cooling water from the cooling towers is constantly circulated throughthe condensers. The condensed steam and cooling water is then pumped back intothe cooling towers. Because the evaporation rate from the towers is slower thanthe rate at which water is pumped into the towers, excess amounts of wateraccumulate in the cooling tower. This excess water is then pumped toreinjection wells where it flows down through the soil and porous rock and isreheated by the heat source. The cycle begins all over again. See the diagrambelow. The costs of running this particular geothermal electrical plant are verycompetitive with the cost of other types of modern day plants. The operationcosts for the plant at The Geysers is almost same the as the operation costs ofan average fossil fuel powered plant and much less than the operating costs of ahydroelectric or nuclear plant. One of the greatest advantages of this and mostgeothermal systems is the relative lack of pollution. While most coal plantsgive off significant amounts of sulfur, somewhere around 93 tons per day for theaverage coal plant, geothermal plants produce no gas pollution other than thegases that would be naturally emitted from the geysers anyway.Coal plants areby far the worst polluters but other types of plants are not far behind. Average Cost of Geothermal Produced Energy per Kilowatt in the U.S. Totalelectricity produced in the U.S. during 1985 = 652000MW Percent of Geothermalenergy contributed to total U.S. production 3%3% x 652000MW = 19560MW Methods of geothermal energy productionCapital Dollars per KilowattDry Steam Flash 83%$1000/kWBinary 17%$3600kWDry Steam Flash = 83% x 19560MW x 1000kW/MW x $1000/kW =Binary = 17% x 19560MW x 1000kW/MW x $3600/kW =Total = + total = per 19560MW/1956MW x 1MW/1000kW = $1431.5 per kWThe future of geothermal energy looks very promising. There have beenmany technological breakthroughs that have resulted in increased efficiencies ofmodern day geothermal electrical plants. I feel that with the currentenvironmental situation that the world now faces a viable method of clean upwill include the use of geothermal power plants and resources. In a world thatis suffocating from the chemicals, and particulates that are created in theproduction of electricity and other commercial indu stries, we have no choice butto change our ways. The earth can not support the current rates of pollution. If we do not change reduce pollution the effects that are beginning to be seenow will become irreversible. Using geothermal resources for other purposes suchas space heating can only help reduce pollution emission. With in the nextcentury the world will begin to feel the energy crunch. Supplies of othernatural resources such as coal, oil and other petroleum products will begin tobecome scarce. The world today is completely electricity dependent. Withoutelectricity, the world as we know it would cease to exist. In the next centurywe must learn to be less electricity dependent or find other sources of energy. If less env